<p> The problem started when Reed Kennedy tried to book an Airbnb house in upstate New York for New Year 's Eve . " I made a few attempts , " the 42-year-old real estate investor says . " Each time the host would reject my request , but when I went back it was still available for those dates . I realised something was going on . " Kennedy , who is African American , decided to get a white member of the group to attempt the booking . " She was able to get it immediately , " he continues . " I 'd had a profile on Airbnb for three years , validated by email , Facebook and Google , as well as my driver 's licence and passport . She set up a profile with no references , no validations and was able to book immediately . At that point I realised my race was an issue . " <p> At a time when racial tensions have exploded and racist hate crime is on the rise in the UK and US , discrimination has reared @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ economy , bastion of feelgood values , sustainability , social responsibility and trust . " Belong anywhere " promises Airbnb . " Your day belongs to you , " Uber enthuses . " We do chores , " assures TaskRabbit , " you live life . " The messages are bold , slick and utopian . These platforms are a force for good . It 's all about sharing , after all . Except they now find themselves blamed for doing the opposite . Uber and Lyft have been accused of fostering discrimination . A 2016 study in Boston and Seattle found " significant evidence of discrimination " . Rides for men with black-sounding names were cancelled more than twice as often as for other men . Black people faced notably longer waiting times to get paired with drivers . Women were taken on longer routes . Away from the on-demand economy , Amazon was criticised for excluding black neighbourhoods when it launched its same-day delivery offer ( it has since expanded its services to correct the problem in several cities ) . <p> How did Airbnb respond to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that my race had nothing to do with it , " he tells me . Later he sends me screenshots of their correspondence , in which a member of Airbnb 's customer experience team writes that " the incidents where you 've been declined by hosts has absolutely nothing to do with your race or ethnicity " and stresses " hosts have the freedom to decline requests for any reason " . <p> " Airbnb grew beyond its wildest dreams , " Kennedy continues , " and the underlying prejudices in society rear their ugly head in the sharing economy . Now they have to address it . Airbnb will have to take more responsibility from a financial and legal standpoint for the services they provide . The basic concept of public accommodation has to change so that it includes peer-to-peer platforms . " <p> " There are two main ways that prejudice gets enacted in the sharing economy , " says Tom Slee , author of What 's Yours Is Mine : Against the Sharing Economy . " One is when individuals choose which exchanges to take part @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ an Uber driver pick up this passenger ? The second is after the exchange , when people rate each other : our prejudices play out in the ratings we give . " <p> Does Slee think discrimination in the sharing economy could be more insidious than in the real world ? " I do , because it is not yet sorted out who has the responsibility to prevent it , " he replies . " Airbnb and Uber routinely claim they are not accommodation or transport providers , so " do n't discriminate " rules do n't apply to them . These claims need to be resisted : platforms must take responsibility for their service . Even getting the data that has disclosed discrimination has taken hard work from academic and independent researchers , because the sharing economy companies do n't have to report on the activity that takes place on their platforms . " <p> Of the major sharing companies I approached , which all have existing anti-discrimination policies on their websites , Uber was " not able to give an interview " and Lyft and TaskRabbit did @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ former US attorney general Eric Holder and former American Civil Liberties Union director Laura Murphy to deal with discrimination , was the only platform that agreed to an interview . " This is a very new and unsettled area of the law , " Murphy tells me . " When the laws were passed these companies did n't exist . If anyone had a simple solution for ending discrimination it would have been copyrighted . That being said , I feel Airbnb is committed to this . It has established a permanent team of engineers , data scientists and designers to assess how practices are being implemented . Airbnb has agreed to continuous engagement with civil rights leaders and organisations . That kind of accountability offers a check and balance . " Will the data be made publicly available ? " Airbnb is going to monitor the impact of its non-discrimination programmes for their efficacy , " Murphy replies . " I do n't know what the likelihood is of those tests becoming publicly available at this point . " <p> Critics of the sharing economy argue that what @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the same way in the sharing economy as elsewhere , accountability does not . " Service users are not legally employed by these platforms so they get out of corporate responsibility , " says Slee . " When push comes to shove they 're going to claim it 's not their fault . That 's a challenge because hotels and B&amp;Bs have to abide by laws stipulating they provide a non-discriminatory service . In the case of Airbnb and Uber , who provides this non-discriminatory service ? The platform or the individual ? And the platform says it 's the individual . " <p> In April 2016 , an individual fought back in Washington DC when Gregory Selden launched a class action suit against Airbnb for violating the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , alleging Airbnb facilitated discrimination . However Airbnb invoked a private arbitration clause , which means Selden and other users are prohibited from suing the company . " It 's outrageous , " says Ben Edelmen , one of the authors of the Harvard report . He says Airbnb 's initial response to his report 's @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ company 's non-discrimination policy is " fatally flawed : too little , too late , and with too much spin on it . " <p> In the UK , the European capital of the sharing economy , there appears to be less disclosure -- and no existing data -- about discrimination . " When there 's the first globally impactful sharing economy company to come out of London , we 'll start seeing the same level of scrutiny here , " predicts Alex Stephany , author of The Business of Sharing and ex-CEO of JustPark . He believes the future in London -- where one in 12 sharing economy companies are based -- will be " ever-growing transparency : your deeds , good or bad , will follow you around like a school report that anyone can read " . " This is a fast-moving industry , " acbuy glasses online cheap 0md6knowledges Ellie Gummer , director of new trade body Sharing Economy UK . " Therefore , in certain parts of the industry , technology is outpacing regulation . The industry has a job to do to work with the government to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ I speak to expresses concern that discrimination in the sharing economy will increase under the Trump administration and , in the UK , post-Brexit . <p> Meanwhile , sharing economy companies are responding to Trump 's controversial travel ban . Airbnb , which quickly positioned itself as one of the most vociferous corporate critics of the executive order , offered free housing to those affected by it . It also aired a Super Bowl ad celebrating diversity with the tagline " We believe no matter who you are , where you 're from , who you love or who you worship , we all belong " . Lyft announced it would donate $1m to the ACLU over the next four years " to defend the constitution " . And Uber CEO Travis Kalanick stepped down from Trump 's Strategic and Policy Forum in the wake of a sustained #DeleteUber online boycott of the company over its ties to the new administration . <p> Back in the US , while Airbnb data scientists try to come up with an algorithm for ending discrimination , people of colour are finding their @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ was staying at an Airbnb house in Atlanta during A3C , the biggest hip-hop festival in America . " We were getting ready in the morning and the cops showed up with guns , " the tech entrepreneur says . " The neighbours saw a bunch of black people in the house and thought we were robbing the place . " Grant posted a selfie with one of the officers on Twitter . It went viral and Airbnb got in touch . <p> Originally Grant was offered vouchers , but when the backlash continued he was flown to Airbnb 's HQ to discuss the issue . " We felt like there was an entire market that was not being catered to or understood , " says Grant . So he came up with the idea of an integrated platform , Noirbnb , catering for travellers of colour . Airbnb , he says , " did n't want to do it " . <p> " A couple of months later one of my friends had an #Airbnbwhileblack situation , " Grant continues . " He had a room booked by @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ he showed up the host saw my friend , who is a tall black guy , and closed the door on him . They did n't let him stay . " In the end Noirbnb launched independently , without Airbnb support or integration . <p> Both Noirbnb and Innclusive operate using a different system to Airbnb , which they believe reduces the possibility of discrimination . " We have profile photos and names but we will not introduce the hosts to the information until after the booking is confirmed , " Gilkes explains . " It 's a simple thing to do to avoid unconscious bias and it 's one of the recommendations of the Harvard study . " <p> Airbnb has so far refused to remove photographs . " This was something we kicked around , " says Murphy . " I personally came to the conclusion , as did Eric Holder , that photographs are a function of modern technology . The photographs are going to be experimented with so maybe they 're not as prominent or come up later in the process but the hosts also @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ stay in their personal space . I do n't think that 's too much to ask . There may come a time when Airbnb decides not to use photographs but I do n't think we 've tried everything we can before having to get rid of them . " <p> The photos are one issue . It is also claimed that the ratings systems Uber and other sharing economy platforms rely on to build trust enable discrimination . " Ratings give us our reputation , " Slee tells me . " But this is not neutral . In a society with racist elements that 's going to show . " What has been termed algorithmic management begins to look less like economic empowerment and more like the Nosedive episode of Black Mirror . " Ratings shape your experience on the platform , " Slee continues . " At the extreme you can be deactivated on Uber if your ratings go down . " Deactivated , in tech speak , means fired . <p> Last October an employment tribunal in London ruled that Uber drivers are not self-employed . The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ affect how discrimination is treated . If " driver partners " can be classed as employees , it becomes the platform 's responsibility to enforce anti-discrimination legislation . But then does n't the sharing economy basically become the economy ? " They want the market value , they take a percentage from every transaction , so they 've got to take responsibility , " Slee agrees . " When you 're a $30bn platform in the case of Airbnb or $60bn in the case of Uber you ca n't pretend you 're not a real company . " <p> " If we look past the sharing economy descriptors , Airbnb is the biggest hotel in the world , " Gilkes says . " So why would the biggest hotel in the world be exempt from fair housing laws and comparable laws in the UK and Europe that deal with discrimination ? " As his colleague Zakikkah Myers puts it , " people are sick of blatant discrimination . People are sick of Airbnb . " <p> Edelman believes the sharing economy is a deregulation movement . " I call @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ because it happens on its own and private because it 's the company deregulating itself . So if you ask me , it 's the worst of all the deregulatory efforts . Somehow Airbnb , Uber and others have found they can get away with it if they get big enough . " <p> The week before we speak , the Airbnb accounts Edelman set up to monitor discrimination on the platform were suspended . Murphy tells me this is because " no one is allowed to create multiple aliases " and Edelman 's personal account has since been reinstated . Edelman says this only happened after the Guardian reported on the story . Previously , when he contacted Airbnb " they did n't reply and they did n't reinstate the account . " <p> He argues that the solution to discrimination is actually very straight-forward . " Broadly , enforcement of anti-discrimination laws , " he says . " Those laws apply to companies or anyone whose product or service discriminates or facilitates discrimination . So someone has to sue Airbnb . If it ca n't be Mr @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , then it will have to be a city , state , or government . " <p> As for Gilkes , he no longer uses Airbnb . " It 's kind of traumatising , " he tells me . " It messes with you mentally . I would not put myself through that . " And Kennedy has yet to successfully book a single Airbnb stay , bar one exception . " I got a gift certificate from Airbnb after complaining about experiencing discrimination and I was definitely going to use that . I tried to in New York last year but nobody would rent to me . " In the end Kennedy had to use an instant booking . " Ironically the host was an African American man , " he notes . " He was probably using instant booking for the same reason as me. "

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